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to let an implementation know that a descriptor set will only be used for purposes of copying (i.e. staging buffer).\nIf a descriptor set is mapped to device local memory (BAR) or uncached memory, reading from the descriptor set on the host can have a catastrophic effect on performance.\nOn top of this, some applications rely on being able to copy several tens of thousand individual descriptors every frame.\nThe overhead to set up this many calls to ",{"type":10,"tag":42,"props":43,"children":45},"code",{"className":44},[],[46],{"type":15,"value":47},"vkUpdateDescriptorSets",{"type":15,"value":49}," is not ideal.",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":51,"children":52},{},[53],{"type":15,"value":54},"In contrast to this, developers are managing uploads for other large resources (e.g. images, buffers) in application code and generally doing a good job of it – typically this is not identified as a problem area.\nDevelopers approaching Vulkan are often confused by the way in which descriptor pools work - and several have made requests to manage things more explicitly.\nThe key things that we’ve had requests for are (relevant Vulkan issues in brackets):",{"type":10,"tag":56,"props":57,"children":58},"ul",{},[59,65,70,75],{"type":10,"tag":60,"props":61,"children":62},"li",{},[63],{"type":15,"value":64},"Explicit allocation management",{"type":10,"tag":60,"props":66,"children":67},{},[68],{"type":15,"value":69},"Better mapping to DirectX 12",{"type":10,"tag":60,"props":71,"children":72},{},[73],{"type":15,"value":74},"Host-only descriptor pools",{"type":10,"tag":60,"props":76,"children":77},{},[78],{"type":15,"value":79},"GPU descriptor updates",{"type":10,"tag":17,"props":81,"children":83},{"id":82},"_solution_space",[84],{"type":15,"value":85},"Solution Space",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":87,"children":88},{},[89],{"type":15,"value":90},"There are several more-or-less invasive options that could work 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layouts",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":121,"children":122},{},[123,132,134,140,142,148,150,155],{"type":10,"tag":124,"props":125,"children":129},"a",{"href":126,"rel":127},"https://registry.khronos.org/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/man/html/VK_VALVE_mutable_descriptor_type.html",[128],"nofollow",[130],{"type":15,"value":131},"VK_VALVE_mutable_descriptor_type",{"type":15,"value":133}," includes support for option 1,\nthrough the use of ",{"type":10,"tag":42,"props":135,"children":137},{"className":136},[],[138],{"type":15,"value":139},"VK_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_HOST_ONLY_POOL_BIT_VALVE",{"type":15,"value":141}," and ",{"type":10,"tag":42,"props":143,"children":145},{"className":144},[],[146],{"type":15,"value":147},"VK_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_HOST_ONLY_BIT_VALVE",{"type":15,"value":149},".\nHowever, this does not fully solve the problem of memory management since we can only ",{"type":10,"tag":34,"props":151,"children":152},{},[153],{"type":15,"value":154},"avoid",{"type":15,"value":156}," allocating device memory for descriptors.\nBeing able to control where shader-accessible descriptors are allocated is still unavailable to applications.",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":158,"children":159},{},[160],{"type":15,"value":161},"Option 2 attempts to redefine what a descriptor pool is, and it would seem like a very awkward abstraction.\nThe whole point of the descriptor pool is to allocate and manage memory on the behalf of the application.",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":163,"children":164},{},[165],{"type":15,"value":166},"Option 3 and 4 are similarly invasive, but move descriptor pools out of the way, making things a lot clearer.\nThe major downside to this is that it potentially blocks out older implementations; however this is likely the same set of implementations that wouldn’t see a benefit from this proposal anyway (i.e. “non-bindless\" hardware).",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":168,"children":169},{},[170],{"type":15,"value":171},"Option 4 has the advantage of having a smaller surface area than option 3 and allows applications to use existing buffer management functions in both Vulkan and in their own code.\nBeing able to use buffers directly means that applications are in control of where the memory is allocated and can control if memory is:",{"type":10,"tag":56,"props":173,"children":174},{},[175,180,201,206],{"type":10,"tag":60,"props":176,"children":177},{},[178],{"type":15,"value":179},"Host-only (plain malloc)",{"type":10,"tag":60,"props":181,"children":182},{},[183,185,191,193,199],{"type":15,"value":184},"Host-only but shader-visible (",{"type":10,"tag":42,"props":186,"children":188},{"className":187},[],[189],{"type":15,"value":190},"VkDeviceMemory",{"type":15,"value":192}," with ",{"type":10,"tag":42,"props":194,"children":196},{"className":195},[],[197],{"type":15,"value":198},"HOST_VISIBLE_BIT",{"type":15,"value":200},")",{"type":10,"tag":60,"props":202,"children":203},{},[204],{"type":15,"value":205},"Device local and shader-visible (resizable BAR on discrete GPUs, unified memory on integrated)",{"type":10,"tag":60,"props":207,"children":208},{},[209],{"type":15,"value":210},"Device local only (GPU copies descriptors)",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":212,"children":213},{},[214],{"type":15,"value":215},"Option 5 is more invasive than Option 4 and requires shader-side changes.",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":217,"children":218},{},[219],{"type":15,"value":220},"In order to keep the required changes in this extension to the API only, the extra steps in Option 5 are deferred to a future planned extension, and this proposal focuses on Option 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",{"type":10,"tag":42,"props":5486,"children":5488},{"className":5487},[],[5489],{"type":15,"value":5302},{"type":15,"value":5491}," on the host-visible descriptor buffer memory,\nbut applications need to make sure the memory that is being read from is cached on the host.\nAlternatively, it is possible to use staging buffer copies.",{"type":10,"tag":228,"props":5493,"children":5495},{"id":5494},"_descriptor_binding_2",[5496],{"type":15,"value":1712},{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":5498,"children":5499},{},[5500],{"type":15,"value":5501},"Binding descriptors to shaders in DX12 consists of two operations: setting the descriptor heaps, and setting tables as offsets into those heaps.",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":5503,"children":5504},{},[5505,5511,5513,5518],{"type":10,"tag":42,"props":5506,"children":5508},{"className":5507},[],[5509],{"type":15,"value":5510},"SetDescriptorHeaps",{"type":15,"value":5512}," allows applications to set one sampler heap, and one CBV/SRV/UAV heap (containing other resources).\nThis command should straightforwardly map to ",{"type":10,"tag":42,"props":5514,"children":5516},{"className":5515},[],[5517],{"type":15,"value":1864},{"type":15,"value":5519},", with each heap being bound as a separate buffer.",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":5521,"children":5522},{},[5523,5529,5531,5536,5538,5543],{"type":10,"tag":42,"props":5524,"children":5526},{"className":5525},[],[5527],{"type":15,"value":5528},"Set{Graphics|Compute}RootDescriptorTable",{"type":15,"value":5530}," allows applications to set various offsets to the descriptor heap, to be more or less used like descriptor sets in Vulkan.\nThis command will map fairly directly to ",{"type":10,"tag":42,"props":5532,"children":5534},{"className":5533},[],[5535],{"type":15,"value":2230},{"type":15,"value":5537},", but if implementing DX12 root signatures natively, this approach will not work easily.\nThe core assumption of DX12 is that the heap is a big array and a table offset should be seen more as an index offset into that big array.\n",{"type":10,"tag":42,"props":5539,"children":5541},{"className":5540},[],[5542],{"type":15,"value":2394},{"type":15,"value":5544}," might be larger than one descriptor, so binding at the desired offset might not be possible.\nDescriptor buffer offsets are better suited for suballocating individual descriptor sets rather than slicing existing descriptor sets.",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":5546,"children":5547},{},[5548],{"type":15,"value":5549},"An engine abstraction can decide to take this into account when allocating descriptor sets:",{"type":10,"tag":56,"props":5551,"children":5552},{},[5553,5558],{"type":10,"tag":60,"props":5554,"children":5555},{},[5556],{"type":15,"value":5557},"In DX12 path, a root signature has N tables, which needs to allocate M descriptors each.",{"type":10,"tag":60,"props":5559,"children":5560},{},[5561,5563,5568],{"type":15,"value":5562},"In Vulkan path, a \"root signature\" translates to a ",{"type":10,"tag":42,"props":5564,"children":5566},{"className":5565},[],[5567],{"type":15,"value":340},{"type":15,"value":5569},", which in turn translates to N `VkDescriptorSetLayout`s which require M bytes in the descriptor buffer each.",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":5571,"children":5572},{},[5573,5575,5580],{"type":15,"value":5574},"If native DX12 root signature compatibility is required however, the suggested implementation is to bind the heap in its entirety with a single ",{"type":10,"tag":42,"props":5576,"children":5578},{"className":5577},[],[5579],{"type":15,"value":2524},{"type":15,"value":5581}," of 0.\nThe shader declares global unsized arrays and from there we can implement shader model 6.6 by just indexing into the descriptor array directly.\nFor older models, descriptor table offsets can translate to u32 push constants that add an extra offset, meaning that we promote legacy root signatures to shader model 6.6.\nThis is a fairly invasive process and it is only expected that translation layers would go to this length.",{"type":10,"tag":17,"props":5583,"children":5585},{"id":5584},"_porting_existing_vulkan_applications",[5586],{"type":15,"value":5587},"Porting existing Vulkan applications",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":5589,"children":5590},{},[5591],{"type":15,"value":5592},"Porting an existing Vulkan application to the new API should require minimal additional code, and ideally should allow the removal of older code.",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":5594,"children":5595},{},[5596],{"type":15,"value":5597},"Applications should be uploading descriptors in the exact same manner they upload other resource data (e.g. new textures, constants, etc.).\nAll advice about how to upload resources (e.g. use staging buffers, use the DMA queue asynchronously, etc.) apply in the exact same manner for descriptors as they do for anything else.",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":5599,"children":5600},{},[5601,5603,5608],{"type":15,"value":5602},"When porting an application then, the aim should not be to create a new separate path for descriptor uploads, but to directly hook into existing resource upload paths.\nThis amortizes the cost of descriptor uploads with other data uploads and reduces the amount of code dedicated to descriptor management.\nAny improvements to data uploads then automatically apply to descriptor uploads.\nFor strategies where resizable BAR or unified memory can be used, none of this is necessary and uploading descriptors becomes ",{"type":10,"tag":42,"props":5604,"children":5606},{"className":5605},[],[5607],{"type":15,"value":5302},{"type":15,"value":479},{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":5610,"children":5611},{},[5612,5614,5620,5622,5627],{"type":15,"value":5613},"For descriptor management, pools are removed. Instead of allocating descriptor sets from pools, applications can instead allocate from a custom allocator, which is backed by a big descriptor buffer.\nThe size to allocate for a set would be obtained from ",{"type":10,"tag":42,"props":5615,"children":5617},{"className":5616},[],[5618],{"type":15,"value":5619},"vkGetDescriptorSetLayoutSizeEXT",{"type":15,"value":5621}," and alignment from ",{"type":10,"tag":42,"props":5623,"children":5625},{"className":5624},[],[5626],{"type":15,"value":2394},{"type":15,"value":5628},".\nA linear or arena allocator would be a good match for this.",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":5630,"children":5631},{},[5632,5634,5639,5640,5646],{"type":15,"value":5633},"Instead of updating descriptor sets with ",{"type":10,"tag":42,"props":5635,"children":5637},{"className":5636},[],[5638],{"type":15,"value":47},{"type":15,"value":748},{"type":10,"tag":42,"props":5641,"children":5643},{"className":5642},[],[5644],{"type":15,"value":5645},"vkGetDescriptorEXT",{"type":15,"value":5647}," could point directly to the mapped descriptor buffer, or a scratch buffer can be used and copied later.",{"type":10,"tag":17,"props":5649,"children":5651},{"id":5650},"_example",[5652],{"type":15,"value":5653},"Example",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":5655,"children":5656},{},[5657],{"type":15,"value":5658},"This example intends to show:",{"type":10,"tag":56,"props":5660,"children":5661},{},[5662,5667,5672,5677,5682,5687],{"type":10,"tag":60,"props":5663,"children":5664},{},[5665],{"type":15,"value":5666},"How to create descriptor set layouts",{"type":10,"tag":60,"props":5668,"children":5669},{},[5670],{"type":15,"value":5671},"How to use immutable samplers with descriptor buffers",{"type":10,"tag":60,"props":5673,"children":5674},{},[5675],{"type":15,"value":5676},"How to use embedded immutable samplers",{"type":10,"tag":60,"props":5678,"children":5679},{},[5680],{"type":15,"value":5681},"How to use push descriptors",{"type":10,"tag":60,"props":5683,"children":5684},{},[5685],{"type":15,"value":5686},"How to allocate enough descriptor buffer memory",{"type":10,"tag":60,"props":5688,"children":5689},{},[5690],{"type":15,"value":5691},"How to bind ranges of descriptor buffers to descriptor sets",{"type":10,"tag":532,"props":5693,"children":5695},{"className":534,"code":5694,"language":536,"meta":537,"style":537},"VkSampler immutableSamplers[4]; // Create these somehow.\n\n// When using descriptor buffers, it is generally a good idea to separate out samplers and resources into separate sets,\n// since descriptor buffers containing samplers might be very limited in size.\nconst VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding setLayout0[] =\n{\n    {\n        0,                                      // binding\n        VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_SAMPLED_IMAGE,       // descriptorType\n        2,                                      // descriptorCount\n        VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,           // stageFlags\n        NULL                                    // pImmutableSamplers\n    },\n    {\n        1,                                       // binding\n        VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_TEXEL_BUFFER, // descriptorType\n        2,                                       // descriptorCount\n        VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,            // stageFlags\n        NULL                                     // pImmutableSamplers\n    }\n};\n\nconst VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding setLayout1[] =\n{\n    {\n        0,                                      // binding\n        VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_SAMPLER,             // descriptorType\n        2,                                      // descriptorCount\n        VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,           // stageFlags\n        &immutableSamplers[0],                  // pImmutableSamplers\n    },\n    {\n        1,                                       // binding\n        VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_SAMPLER,              // descriptorType\n        2,                                       // descriptorCount\n        VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,            // stageFlags\n        NULL,\n    }\n};\n\nconst VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding setLayout2[] =\n{\n    // binding to a single image descriptor\n    {\n        0,                                      // binding\n        VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER,      // descriptorType\n        1,                                      // descriptorCount\n        VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,           // stageFlags\n        NULL                                    // pImmutableSamplers\n    }\n};\n\n// Embedded immutable samplers are internally allocated and we do not need to allocate anything.\nconst VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding setLayout3[] =\n{\n    {\n        0,                                      // binding\n        VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_SAMPLER,             // descriptorType\n        1,                                      // descriptorCount\n        VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,           // stageFlags\n        &immutableSamplers[2],                  // pImmutableSamplers\n    },\n    {\n        1,                                       // binding\n        VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_SAMPLER,              // descriptorType\n        1,                                       // descriptorCount\n        VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,            // stageFlags\n        &immutableSamplers[3],                   // pImmutableSamplers\n    }\n};\n\n// Descriptor set layouts are created as normal, but we use the descriptor buffer flag on the set layouts.\nVkDescriptorSetLayout layout0 =\n    create_descriptor_set_layout({ .flags = VK_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_DESCRIPTOR_BUFFER_BIT_EXT, .pBindings = setLayout0, .bindingCount = 2 });\nVkDescriptorSetLayout layout1 =\n    create_descriptor_set_layout({ .flags = VK_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_DESCRIPTOR_BUFFER_BIT_EXT, .pBindings = setLayout1, .bindingCount = 2 });\nVkDescriptorSetLayout layout2 =\n    create_descriptor_set_layout({ .flags =\n            VK_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_DESCRIPTOR_BUFFER_BIT_EXT |\n            VK_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_PUSH_DESCRIPTOR_BIT_KHR,\n        .pBindings = setLayout2, .bindingCount = 1 });\nVkDescriptorSetLayout layout3 =\n    create_descriptor_set_layout({ .flags =\n            VK_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_DESCRIPTOR_BUFFER_BIT_EXT |\n            VK_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_EMBEDDED_IMMUTABLE_SAMPLERS_BIT_EXT,\n        .pBindings = setLayout3, .bindingCount = 2 });\n\n// Use 5 descriptor set layouts, mostly here to demonstrate how multiple sets can refer to one descriptor buffer.\n// Also, use embedded sampler sets and push constants for completion.\nVkPipelineLayout layout = create_pipeline_layout({ .layouts = { layout0, layout0, layout1, layout2, layout3 }});\n\n// Query how big the descriptor set layout is.\nVkDeviceSize layoutSizes[2];\nvkGetDescriptorSetLayoutSizeEXT(device, layout0, &layoutSizes[0]);\nvkGetDescriptorSetLayoutSizeEXT(device, layout1, &layoutSizes[1]);\n\n// Align the descriptor set size so it is suitable for suballocation within a descriptor buffer.\nlayoutSizes[0] = align(layoutSizes[0], props.descriptorBufferOffsetAlignment);\nlayoutSizes[1] = align(layoutSizes[1], props.descriptorBufferOffsetAlignment);\n\n// Query individual offsets into the descriptor set.\nVkDeviceSize layoutOffsets[2][2];\nvkGetDescriptorSetLayoutBindingOffsetEXT(device, layout0, 0, &layoutOffsets[0][0]);\nvkGetDescriptorSetLayoutBindingOffsetEXT(device, layout0, 1, &layoutOffsets[0][1]);\nvkGetDescriptorSetLayoutBindingOffsetEXT(device, layout1, 0, &layoutOffsets[1][0]);\nvkGetDescriptorSetLayoutBindingOffsetEXT(device, layout1, 1, &layoutOffsets[1][1]);\n\n#define SET_COUNT 64\n\n// Allocate the equivalent of a big descriptor pool.\n// The size is arbitrary and should be large and be able to hold all descriptors used by app,\n// for this sample, we allocate the smallest possible descriptor buffer for the number of sets we need.\n// The most compatible thing to do is 1 resource buffer, 1 sampler buffer.\nBuffer resourceBuffer = create_buffer({\n    .size = layoutSizes[0] * 2 * SET_COUNT,\n    .usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR_BUFFER_BIT_EXT |\n        (props.bufferlessPushDescriptors ? 0 : VK_BUFFER_USAGE_PUSH_DESCRIPTORS_DESCRIPTOR_BUFFER_BIT),\n    .properties = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT });\n\nBuffer samplerBuffer = create_buffer({\n    .size = layoutSizes[1] * SET_COUNT,\n    .usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_SAMPLER_DESCRIPTOR_BUFFER_BIT_EXT,\n    .properties = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT });\n\nconst VkDescriptorBufferBindingPushDescriptorBufferHandleEXT push_descriptor_buffer_handle = {\n    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_BUFFER_BINDING_PUSH_DESCRIPTOR_BUFFER_HANDLE_EXT, NULL, resourceBuffer.handle};\n\nconst VkDescriptorBufferBindingInfoEXT binding_infos[2] = {\n    { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_BUFFER_BINDING_INFO_EXT, (props.bufferlessPushDescriptors ? NULL : &push_descriptor_buffer_handle),\n        resourceBuffer.deviceAddress,\n        VK_BUFFER_USAGE_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR_BUFFER_BIT_EXT | (props.bufferlessPushDescriptors ? 0 : VK_BUFFER_USAGE_PUSH_DESCRIPTORS_DESCRIPTOR_BUFFER_BIT) },\n    { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_BUFFER_BINDING_INFO_EXT, NULL, samplerBuffer.deviceAddress,\n        VK_BUFFER_USAGE_SAMPLER_DESCRIPTOR_BUFFER_BIT_EXT }\n};\n\n// Bind the descriptor buffers once, from here, we will offset into the buffer for different descriptor sets.\nvkCmdBindDescriptorBuffersEXT(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, 0, 2, binding_infos);\n\n// Allocate these somehow, not particularly important to this example.\nVkImageView views[SET_COUNT][2][2];\nVkSampler samplers[SET_COUNT][2];\nVkDeviceAddress bufferAddressTexelBuffer;\n\n// No buffers are associated with embedded immutable samplers. This maps to DX12 static samplers.\n// There is no vkCmdBindPipelineLayout(), so this is the way to do it in Vulkan.\nvkCmdBindDescriptorBufferEmbeddedSamplersEXT(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, layout, 4);\n\nfor (int i = 0; i \u003C SET_COUNT; i++)\n{\n    // This refers to the buffers we bound in vkCmdBindDescriptorBuffersEXT.\n    // Allocate descriptor sets linearly.\n    const uint32_t bufferIndices[] = { 0, 0, 1 };\n    const VkDeviceSize offsets[] = { 2 * i * layoutSizes[0], (2 * i + 1) * layoutSizes[0], i * layoutSizes[1] };\n\n    // Set 0: Resource set pulled from buffer 0\n    // Set 1: Resource set pulled from buffer 0\n    // Set 2: Sampler set pulled from buffer 1\n    // Set 3: Push descriptors\n    // Set 4: Embedded samplers\n\n    vkCmdSetDescriptorBufferOffsetsEXT(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, layout, 0, 3,\n        bufferIndices, offsets);\n\n    VkWriteDescriptorSet ssbo_write = { /* Fill in as desired, details not interesting here. */ };\n    vkCmdPushDescriptorSetKHR(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, layout, 3, 1, &ssbo_write);\n\n    VkDescriptorImageInfo image_info = {};\n    VkDescriptorAddressInfoEXT addr_info = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_ADDRESS_INFO_EXT };\n    VkDescriptorGetInfoEXT info = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_GET_INFO_EXT };\n\n    for (int j = 0; j \u003C 2; j++)\n    {\n        info.type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_SAMPLED_IMAGE;\n        info.pSampledImage = &image_info;\n        // If descriptorBufferImageLayoutIgnored is enabled, this is ignored, convenient!\n        image_info.imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;\n\n        // Offset is based on the binding offset + the offset within the descriptor set layout we queried earlier.\n        // For array indexing, use the descriptor size from physical device property.\n        // set j, binding 0, element k\n        for (int k = 0; k \u003C 2; k++)\n        {\n            image_info.imageView = views[i][j][k];\n            vkGetDescriptorEXT(device, &info, props.sampledImageDescriptorSize,\n            resourceBuffer.hostPointer + offsets[j] + layoutOffsets[0][0] + k * props.sampledImageDescriptorSize);\n        }\n\n        // set j, binding 1, element k\n        info.type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_TEXEL_BUFFER;\n        info.data.pUniformBuffer = &addr_info;\n        for (int k = 0; k \u003C 2; k++)\n        {\n            addr_info.range = 1024;\n            addr_info.address = bufferAddressTexelBuffer + (4 * i + 2 * j + k) * addr_info.range;\n            // No VkBufferView needed, how convenient!\n            addr_info.format = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;\n            vkGetDescriptorEXT(device, &info, props.uniformTexelBufferDescriptorSize,\n            resourceBuffer.hostPointer + offsets[j] + layoutOffsets[0][1] + k * props.uniformTexelBufferDescriptorSize);\n        }\n    }\n\n    // For immutable samplers, we have to emit the buffer payload.\n    // In practice, the immutable samplers must work even if implementation just ignores pImmutableSamplers.\n    info.type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_SAMPLER;\n    // set 2, binding 0, element k\n    for (int k = 0; k \u003C 2; k++)\n    {\n        info.data.pSampler = &immutableSamplers[k];\n        vkGetDescriptorEXT(device, &info, props.samplerDescriptorSize,\n        samplerBuffer.hostPointer + offsets[2] + layoutOffsets[1][0] + k * props.samplerDescriptorSize);\n    }\n\n    // set 2, binding 1, element k\n    for (int k = 0; k \u003C 2; k++)\n    {\n        info.data.pSampler = &samplers[i][k];\n        vkGetDescriptorEXT(device, &info, props.samplerDescriptorSize,\n        samplerBuffer.hostPointer + offsets[2] + layoutOffsets[1][1] + k * props.samplerDescriptorSize);\n    }\n\n    vkCmdDraw(...);\n}\n",[5696],{"type":10,"tag":42,"props":5697,"children":5698},{"__ignoreMap":537},[5699,5733,5740,5748,5756,5779,5787,5795,5813,5826,5843,5856,5869,5877,5884,5901,5914,5930,5942,5954,5962,5970,5977,5997,6004,6011,6026,6039,6054,6065,6096,6103,6110,6125,6137,6152,6163,6174,6181,6188,6195,6215,6222,6230,6237,6252,6265,6280,6291,6302,6309,6316,6323,6331,6351,6358,6366,6382,6394,6410,6422,6451,6459,6467,6483,6495,6511,6523,6553,6561,6569,6577,6586,6600,6646,6659,6700,6713,6729,6743,6752,6783,6796,6812,6824,6833,6862,6870,6879,6888,6920,6928,6937,6964,6999,7032,7040,7049,7101,7149,7157,7166,7200,7248,7296,7344,7392,7400,7419,7427,7436,7445,7454,7463,7486,7534,7556,7585,7613,7621,7642,7678,7695,7719,7727,7749,7768,7776,7814,7846,7855,7890,7908,7917,7925,7933,7942,7972,7980,7989,8024,8049,8058,8066,8075,8084,8105,8113,8169,8177,8186,8195,8252,8378,8386,8395,8404,8413,8422,8431,8439,8468,8477,8485,8512,8550,8558,8576,8594,8612,8620,8676,8684,8702,8724,8733,8751,8759,8768,8777,8786,8842,8851,8874,8897,8966,8975,8983,8992,9009,9031,9083,9091,9114,9186,9195,9213,9234,9299,9307,9315,9323,9332,9341,9359,9368,9420,9428,9454,9476,9550,9558,9566,9575,9627,9635,9660,9680,9752,9760,9768,9782],{"type":10,"tag":543,"props":5700,"children":5701},{"class":545,"line":546},[5702,5707,5712,5717,5722,5727],{"type":10,"tag":543,"props":5703,"children":5704},{"style":562},[5705],{"type":15,"value":5706},"VkSampler ",{"type":10,"tag":543,"props":5708,"children":5709},{"style":577},[5710],{"type":15,"value":5711},"immutableSamplers",{"type":10,"tag":543,"props":5713,"children":5714},{"style":562},[5715],{"type":15,"value":5716},"[",{"type":10,"tag":543,"props":5718,"children":5719},{"style":889},[5720],{"type":15,"value":5721},"4",{"type":10,"tag":543,"props":5723,"children":5724},{"style":562},[5725],{"type":15,"value":5726},"];",{"type":10,"tag":543,"props":5728,"children":5730},{"style":5729},"--shiki-default:#6E7781;--shiki-dark:#8B949E",[5731],{"type":15,"value":5732}," // Create these somehow.\n",{"type":10,"tag":543,"props":5734,"children":5735},{"class":545,"line":568},[5736],{"type":10,"tag":543,"props":5737,"children":5738},{"emptyLinePlaceholder":634},[5739],{"type":15,"value":637},{"type":10,"tag":543,"props":5741,"children":5742},{"class":545,"line":588},[5743],{"type":10,"tag":543,"props":5744,"children":5745},{"style":5729},[5746],{"type":15,"value":5747},"// When using descriptor buffers, it is generally a good idea to separate out samplers and resources into separate sets,\n",{"type":10,"tag":543,"props":5749,"children":5750},{"class":545,"line":606},[5751],{"type":10,"tag":543,"props":5752,"children":5753},{"style":5729},[5754],{"type":15,"value":5755},"// since descriptor buffers containing samplers might be very limited in size.\n",{"type":10,"tag":543,"props":5757,"children":5758},{"class":545,"line":630},[5759,5764,5769,5774],{"type":10,"tag":543,"props":5760,"children":5761},{"style":550},[5762],{"type":15,"value":5763},"const",{"type":10,"tag":543,"props":5765,"children":5766},{"style":562},[5767],{"type":15,"value":5768}," VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding setLayout0",{"type":10,"tag":543,"props":5770,"children":5771},{"style":550},[5772],{"type":15,"value":5773},"[]",{"type":10,"tag":543,"props":5775,"children":5776},{"style":550},[5777],{"type":15,"value":5778}," 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