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definitions.",{"type":7,"children":8,"toc":3048},"root",[9,16,23,28,33,38,43,56,62,67,87,92,97,102,107,113,120,145,150,156,161,237,248,254,259,327,346,359,365,370,394,399,623,628,691,705,714,722,728,733,756,762,767,920,926,931,1095,1101,1106,1160,1166,1200,1206,1211,1263,1274,1280,1300,1392,1397,1411,1430,1442,1447,1467,1477,1489,1515,1521,1559,1565,1571,1576,1581,2334,2351,2356,2361,2742,2760,2766,2772,2777,2783,2795,2807,2812,2818,2823,2829,2834,2839,2845,2850,2856,2868,2874,2879,2885,2897,2902,2908,2913,2919,2924,2929,2934,2940,2945,2950,2956,2961,2974,2979,2991,2996,3008,3013,3019,3024,3037,3042],{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":12,"children":13},"element","p",{},[14],{"type":15,"value":5},"text",{"type":10,"tag":17,"props":18,"children":20},"h2",{"id":19},"_problem_statement",[21],{"type":15,"value":22},"Problem Statement",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":24,"children":25},{},[26],{"type":15,"value":27},"The original promise of monolithic pipelines in Vulkan was to enable\ndevelopers to construct all their state up front, avoiding the driver doing\ndynamic compilation and patching shaders implicitly when recording draw\ncalls, resulting in unexpected hitches.",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":29,"children":30},{},[31],{"type":15,"value":32},"The reality however is that for many game engines, requiring most of this state up front\neither fails to eliminate hitching,\nor requires precompiling so many state combinations that the size of the\npipeline cache is nearly unmanageable.",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":34,"children":35},{},[36],{"type":15,"value":37},"Games engines are typically still managing enormous sets of state and\nshader combinations, and this is not a purely technical problem.\nIt is still expected and encouraged that developers will limit the number\nof these, but it doesn’t change the fact that at least in the\nshort-to-mid-term, developers are having real problems that can’t be solved by\ntelling them to reduce the number of pipelines.",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":39,"children":40},{},[41],{"type":15,"value":42},"This proposal does not aim to fully solve these issues, but instead provides\na key piece of infrastructure required to solve it.\nThe main aim of this proposal is to reduce the cost of loading novel state\nand shader combinations within the rendering loop, thus avoiding hitching.",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":44,"children":45},{},[46,48,54],{"type":15,"value":47},"An additional constraint to be aware of is that any solution should not\nregress the intended wins from moving to pipeline objects – there should be\nno need for late-compilation or patching that is performed ",{"type":10,"tag":49,"props":50,"children":51},"em",{},[52],{"type":15,"value":53},"implicitly",{"type":15,"value":55}," by\nthe implementation.\nAn expectation of any solution here is that GPU performance may suffer\ndue to sub-optimal linking, and the solution should provide a way to mitigate this.\nExplicit late compilation or patching may be acceptable, but it should be\nsimple to perform, and applications should have control over when and how\nit is done.",{"type":10,"tag":17,"props":57,"children":59},{"id":58},"_solution_space",[60],{"type":15,"value":61},"Solution Space",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":63,"children":64},{},[65],{"type":15,"value":66},"The following options have been considered:",{"type":10,"tag":68,"props":69,"children":70},"ol",{},[71,77,82],{"type":10,"tag":72,"props":73,"children":74},"li",{},[75],{"type":15,"value":76},"Handle this inside the implementation",{"type":10,"tag":72,"props":78,"children":79},{},[80],{"type":15,"value":81},"Additional dynamic state",{"type":10,"tag":72,"props":83,"children":84},{},[85],{"type":15,"value":86},"Separately compiled pipeline/state blobs",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":88,"children":89},{},[90],{"type":15,"value":91},"Handling this inside the implementation would potentially solve the problem\nfor the class of apps that have this issue.\nHowever, it takes the choice of fast-linking vs. whole program optimization\naway from the application.\nIt also means fighting with drivers and performance guidelines to hit the\nright usage to trigger it on each implementation.",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":93,"children":94},{},[95],{"type":15,"value":96},"As for dynamic state, it is likely that the list of state that is fully dynamic\nacross implementations has been all but exhausted at this point.\nWhile vendors can choose to expose additional dynamic state as they see\nfit, solving this problem portably needs a different solution.\nVendors trying to implement state that isn’t dynamic as if it were dynamic\nwill end up doing implicit work at command recording time, leading\ninevitably to implicit compilation or patching of shaders – which is\nundesirable.",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":98,"children":99},{},[100],{"type":15,"value":101},"Separately compiling chunks of state (e.g. individual shaders, vertex\ninputs, render passes) allows for applications to individually compile\nthese chunks as they show up.\nEnough information should be given in this early step that linking these\nchunks together later has significant cost savings and can be done at record time\nif necessary.\nImplementations could “cheat” at separate chunk compilation by exposing\nthis extension by keeping the create information until the final link\nstep and compiling everything at once then.\nIn general it is desirable for implementations to avoid late compilation, but this\ndoes allow the extension to be implemented more widely (including via a software layer),\nproviding better consistency for developers.\nExplicitly advertising this detail could allow developers to make better\nchoices about how and when these pipelines are compiled.",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":103,"children":104},{},[105],{"type":15,"value":106},"This proposal focuses on option 3 – providing applications with the ability\nto separately compile state chunks and later link them 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executable;\n",{"type":10,"tag":174,"props":2736,"children":2737},{"class":176,"line":1972},[2738],{"type":10,"tag":174,"props":2739,"children":2740},{"style":192},[2741],{"type":15,"value":2333},{"type":10,"tag":706,"props":2743,"children":2744},{},[2745,2750,2755],{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":2746,"children":2747},{},[2748],{"type":15,"value":2749},"The behavior of the pipeline cache in this scenario is subject to specific\nbehavior depending on implementation properties and whether fast or\noptimized linking is being used.\nThis is spelled out in the spec, but summarized briefly again here:",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":2751,"children":2752},{},[2753],{"type":15,"value":2754},"If fast linking is being performed, the implementation should only lookup\ninto the cache if it is expected that will be faster than linking.\nIf linking is faster, then the cache lookup and any writes to the cache should be skipped.\nThe aim of this is to ensure that fast linking is always as fast as\npossible.\nIf a cache lookup is performed, optimized pipelines in the cache should be\nreturned preferentially to any fast-linked pipelines.",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":2756,"children":2757},{},[2758],{"type":15,"value":2759},"If optimized linking is being performed, the implementation should not\ngenerate a hit on a suboptimal fast linked pipeline, instead creating a new\npipeline and corresponding cache entry.",{"type":10,"tag":17,"props":2761,"children":2763},{"id":2762},"_issues",[2764],{"type":15,"value":2765},"Issues",{"type":10,"tag":114,"props":2767,"children":2769},{"id":2768},"_resolved_should_the_pre_rasterization_stages_be_separated",[2770],{"type":15,"value":2771},"RESOLVED: Should the pre-rasterization stages be separated?",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":2773,"children":2774},{},[2775],{"type":15,"value":2776},"While splitting the geometry stages may be possible, it’s a significant\namount of additional work for many vendors, the advantage for most\ndevelopers is unclear, and it would be difficult to make some of the\nguarantees in this extension.",{"type":10,"tag":114,"props":2778,"children":2780},{"id":2779},"_resolved_what_is_the_expected_usage_model",[2781],{"type":15,"value":2782},"RESOLVED: What is the expected usage model?",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":2784,"children":2785},{},[2786,2788,2793],{"type":15,"value":2787},"When a novel shader/stage combination is seen that requires compilation, it\nshould be compiled into a separate pipeline library as early as possible;\nthis should be possible alongside usual material/object loading\n(e.g. texture/mesh streaming).\nIf an application has its own material cache, the library should be cached\nthere.\nApplications should still use pipeline caches to amortize compilation\nacross similar stage blobs but should avoid mixing different stage types in\nthe same ",{"type":10,"tag":126,"props":2789,"children":2791},{"href":635,"rel":2790},[130],[2792],{"type":15,"value":639},{"type":15,"value":2794},", to avoid unnecessary lookup overhead.",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":2796,"children":2797},{},[2798,2800,2805],{"type":15,"value":2799},"Basic linking should then be done as early as the application is able.\nApplications should ideally store/cache this pipeline with relevant objects.\nUsing a ",{"type":10,"tag":126,"props":2801,"children":2803},{"href":635,"rel":2802},[130],[2804],{"type":15,"value":639},{"type":15,"value":2806}," for this suboptimal pipeline is recommended;\nimplementations where this would provide no benefit should ignore the cache\nlookup request for fast linking.",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":2808,"children":2809},{},[2810],{"type":15,"value":2811},"Once a basic link is done, the application should schedule a task for a\nseparate thread to create an optimized pipeline.\nThis should use pipeline caches in the same manner as existing monolithic\ncompilation, sharing this cache with fast-linked pipelines.\nImplementations should prefer returning optimized pipelines from these\ncaches.\nApplications should switch to the optimized pipeline as soon as they are\navailable.",{"type":10,"tag":114,"props":2813,"children":2815},{"id":2814},"_resolved_why_is_there_suggested_behavior_for_the_implementation_of_pipeline_caches_instead_of_letting_the_caching_be_driven_by_the_application",[2816],{"type":15,"value":2817},"RESOLVED: Why is there suggested behavior for the implementation of pipeline caches instead of letting the caching be driven by the application?",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":2819,"children":2820},{},[2821],{"type":15,"value":2822},"Work to change the way pipelines are cached is ongoing; to avoid scope creep\nthe minimum set of features required to ensure things worked were added.\nA future extension may change how a lot of this works, so it was undesirable to\ndesign something that would be thrown away later.",{"type":10,"tag":114,"props":2824,"children":2826},{"id":2825},"_resolved_what_are_the_downsides_to_using_unoptimized_pipelines",[2827],{"type":15,"value":2828},"RESOLVED: What are the downsides to using unoptimized pipelines?",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":2830,"children":2831},{},[2832],{"type":15,"value":2833},"A fast-linked pipeline may have a significant device performance penalty\ncompared to the final pipeline on some implementations.\nSome vendors may have a negligible performance penalty; others will have\nperformance penalties differing based on which shader stages are compiled\ntogether.\nA rough estimate given by vendors is that it could be as bad as a 50%\npenalty in the general case, with outliers performing even worse.",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":2835,"children":2836},{},[2837],{"type":15,"value":2838},"As general advice, applications should be aiming to keep the amount of work\nin each frame performed by unoptimized pipelines relatively low (\u003C10%);\nprofiling may be necessary to identify problematic areas.\nDevelopers are strongly encouraged create optimized pipelines as soon as\nthey are able to replace the linked pipeline.\nRelying completely on fast linked pipelines could result in unacceptable\nperformance degradation on some implementations.",{"type":10,"tag":114,"props":2840,"children":2842},{"id":2841},"_resolved_are_there_any_interactions_with_specialization_constants",[2843],{"type":15,"value":2844},"RESOLVED: Are there any interactions with specialization constants?",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":2846,"children":2847},{},[2848],{"type":15,"value":2849},"No. This extension doesn’t change how specialization constants work – they\nwork as they do for existing pipelines.\nIf they’re provided, implementations are free to specialize the pipeline or\nnot, and cache pipelines that are specialized, unspecialized, or both.\nSpecialization constants must be provided alongside the shader stages using\nthem and cannot be provided at link time.\nThis may be something we want to address in a future extension.",{"type":10,"tag":114,"props":2851,"children":2853},{"id":2852},"_resolved_are_there_any_interface_matching_requirements_that_will_need_to_change_like_ssos_in_opengles",[2854],{"type":15,"value":2855},"RESOLVED: Are there any interface matching requirements that will need to change, like SSOs in OpenGL/ES?",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":2857,"children":2858},{},[2859,2861,2866],{"type":15,"value":2860},"Some implementations require the interpolation decorations in the last\ngeometry shader stage if pipeline libraries are used, and this is\nadvertised by the\n",{"type":10,"tag":170,"props":2862,"children":2864},{"className":2863},[],[2865],{"type":15,"value":356},{"type":15,"value":2867}," property.\nIt is expected that these implementations are serving markets where OpenGL\nES is dominant, where this requirement was never dropped for separate\nshader objects, unlike 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Ray tracing pipeline libraries were not designed with this directly in mind, so while implementations should make use of these bits as best they can, it is not possible to make the same quality guarantees as for graphics pipelines.",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":2946,"children":2947},{},[2948],{"type":15,"value":2949},"Any future extensions using the pipeline library interface should be aware of these interactions and try to follow the intent of these bits as much as possible.",{"type":10,"tag":114,"props":2951,"children":2953},{"id":2952},"_resolved_does_the_shader_module_deprecation_apply_to_other_pipelines",[2954],{"type":15,"value":2955},"RESOLVED: Does the shader module deprecation apply to other pipelines?",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":2957,"children":2958},{},[2959],{"type":15,"value":2960},"Yes.",{"type":10,"tag":114,"props":2962,"children":2964},{"id":2963},"_resolved_should_vkpipelinedepthstencilstatecreateinfo_be_part_of_the_fragment_shader_state_or_fragment_output_interface_state",[2965,2967,2972],{"type":15,"value":2966},"RESOLVED: Should ",{"type":10,"tag":170,"props":2968,"children":2970},{"className":2969},[],[2971],{"type":15,"value":1012},{"type":15,"value":2973}," be part of the fragment shader state or fragment output interface state?",{"type":10,"tag":11,"props":2975,"children":2976},{},[2977],{"type":15,"value":2978},"Some vendors will make use of this information if it is available and would rather not see it move - however notably all of this state can be made dynamic. 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